Congressman Gilchrest to Lead Public Discussion on Iraq War at Washington College

Chestertown, MD — Congressman Wayne T. Gilchrest will lead a discussion and public forum on the Iraq War situation when he presents "Iraq And Back: Congressman Gilchrest Shares Perspectives on the War in Iraq," at Washington College's Hynson Lounge on Tuesday, November 27, at 7 p.m.

Gilchrest, a Republican, has been Kent County's Congressman for the past nine terms. A native of Rahway, New Jersey, he joined the U.S. Marine Corps after graduating high school in 1964 and served his country during the invasion of the Dominican Republic and in the Vietnam War. He became a platoon sergeant in Vietnam, where he was wounded in combat. He was awarded the Purple Heart, Navy Commendation Medal and the Bronze Star.

After an honorable discharge, he studied liberal arts at Wesley College in Dover, Delaware, where he received an associate's degree, and then went on to receive a bachelor's degree in history from Delaware State College in 1973. He discovered his passion for teaching and has taught American history, government and civics in New Jersey, Vermont and for eight years at Kent County High School.

He was first elected to Congress in 1990, and has been a champion for many environmental issues, especially the Chesapeake Bay and global climate change. He has earned a reputation as an independent thinker, who has bucked his party and his leadership on issues that matter to his district and his constituents.

He recently co-founded the House Dialogue Caucus and has been a leader in bringing together members of both parties to reach concensus on policy issues involving Iraq and the Middle East. He has visited Iraq and the Middle East three times since the war began, and he just returned from his latest visit last month.

His presentation at Washington College comes at a critical time in the world debate on U.S. policy in Iraq and how that relates to Iran and the ongoing tensions between Israel and the Arab world.

"Iraq and Back" is presented by the Goldstein Program in Public Affairs. Hynson Lounge is located in Hodson Hall. Admission to "Iraq and Back" is free and open to the public.

November 21, 2007

Washington College Author/Professor Presents 'Two Lives of Sally Miller'

Chestertown, MD — Dr. Carol Wilson, Professor of History at Washington College and the author of The Two Lives of Sally Miller: A Case of Mistaken Racial Identity in Antebellum New Orleans, will present a lecture based on her book at the Casey Academic Center Forum on Tuesday, November 27, at 4:30 p.m. A booksigning will follow.

Dr. Wilson's talk is being presented by the C.V. Starr Center for the Study of the American Experience.

In 1843, the Louisiana Supreme Court heard the case of a slave named Sally Miller, who claimed to have been born a free white person in Germany. Sally, a very light-skinned slave girl working in a New Orleans café, might not have known she had a case were it not for a woman who recognized her as Salomé Muller, with whom she had emigrated from Germany more than 20 years earlier. Sally decided to sue for her freedom, and was ultimately freed, despite strong evidence contrary to her claim.

In The Two Lives of Sally Miller, Dr. Wilson explores this fascinating legal case and its reflection on broader questions about race, society and law in the antebellum South. Why did a court system known for its extreme bias against African-Americans help to free a woman who was believed by many to be a black slave? Dr. Wilson explains that while the notion of white enslavement was shocking, it was easier for society to acknowledge that possibility than the alternative—an African slave who deceived whites and triumphed over the system.

In addition to The Two Lives of Sally Miller, Dr. Wilson also is the author of Freedom at Risk: The Kidnapping of Free Blacks in America, 1780-1865.

Admission to "The Two Lives of Sally Miller" is free and open to the public.

November 21, 2007

In Memoriam: Patrick C. McGrath April 6, 1988-November 16, 2007

The Washington College community is mourning the loss of Patrick McGrath, a sophomore from Columbia, PA, who died Friday, November 16, in his dormitory room in Kent House. He was 19. The cause of death is unknown at this time.

Patrick graduated in 2006 from Lancaster Catholic High School, where he was active in the swim program, in religious activities, and in various service organizations, particularly the Good Samaritan Program. Because Lancaster Catholic doesn't offer lacrosse, Pat played club lacrosse with Conestoga Valley. He also worked as a lifeguard at Hempfield Sports Complex.

"He was one of those kids that everyone really liked," recalls John Guilfoyle, his guidance counselor at Lancaster Catholic. "When he was applying to colleges, he had a number of very nice teacher recommendations. Everyone here is just devastated."

Guilfoyle says Pat ultimately chose Washington College because he was interested in history and liked the Chestertown area.

At Washington College, Pat focused his studies on business and accounting, and remained interested in sports, particularly club lacrosse, soccer and wakeboarding. He was a resident assistant in Kent House and served as an SGA senator. He also was involved in Safe Ride, a new student-run shuttle that operates on weekends.

During the school year, Pat worked at Play It Again, Sam, a popular coffee shop in Chestertown. He spent last summer working as a lacrosse specialist at Camp Canadensis in the Pocono Mountains, where he quickly won the respect and admiration of campers and fellow counselors alike.

"In a close-knit community such as ours," College President Baird Tipson remarked at a candlelight vigil on Sunday, "we are all touched by the tragic loss of Pat McGrath. To lose anyone so young is so difficult, but particularly so when we lose someone with such a big and good heart. Pat will continue to inspire us with his example of service and his selfless dedication to others."

His friends and classmates are posting messages on Pat's Facebook site and atobits.lancasteronline.com. Washington College is offering individual counseling (contact the Counseling Center at 410-778-7261), as well as resources for parents whose sons and daughters are struggling to cope with their grief.

Pat was the youngest of five children. His father, Marty McGrath, is an administrator at Franklin & Marshall College; his mother, Caroline, teaches at Our Lady of the Angels, a parochial school in Columbia. In addition to his parents, Pat is survived by two brothers, Brian and Kevin; and two sisters, Claire and Laura. His maternal grandfather, John W. Shenk, nephew Kieran Kramer and niece Sahara McGrath also survive.

Friends may call during a viewing scheduled for Wednesday, November 21, from 4 to 8 p.m. at Kraft Funeral Home, 519 Walnut Street in Columbia. A mass of Christian burial will be held at St. Peter's Catholic Church at 11 a.m. on Friday, November 23. The church is located at 121 Second Street in Columbia. In lieu of flowers, the family suggests donations to Our Lady of the Angels Catholic School, Lancaster Catholic High School, or to the College's Washington Fund.

November 20, 2007

WC in USA Today Article about Veterans' Scholarships

Chestertown, MD — USA Today ran a front page article about college scholarships for veterans, and Washington College is included in the story for participation in the Hodson Trust Star Scholarship program. The online version, accessible via the following link, features a photo of Jim Schelberg '11 with his brother (and fellow Marine) in Iraq last December. And check out the photo credit: the picture was taken by Charles Grigg '09.

Read the full story in USA Today.

November 15, 2007

Screening of "Estamos Aquí: We Are Here," with Filmmaker, November 14

Chestertown, MD — The Washington College Department of Sociology and Anthropology, theC.V. Starr Center for the Study of the American Experience, the Goldstein Program in Public Affairs and the League of Women Voters of Kent County will present a screening of "Estamos Aquí: We Are Here," with an introduction by filmmaker Sharon Baker, at the Norman James Theatre on Wednesday, November 14, at 6:30 p.m.

"Estamos Aquí" reveals the humanity behind the headlines of one of the most important issues facing the United States. The story of one community in a changing nation, this poignant documentary film explores the evolving social, political and economic landscape of Georgetown, Delaware. This small, traditionally white community is home to the largest poultry-producing county in the nation, and is in need of a growing labor force.

As the United States experiences the largest immigration wave in its history, this rural farming community becomes home to thousands of predominantly Guatemalan immigrants, fleeing from the aftermath of a brutal civil war and escalating poverty in their homeland in search of opportunity and employment. Their struggles, and those of the community at large, shed light on the challenges facing millions of Latin Americans who have come to this country in search of the American Dream. An intimate portrait develops of a close-knit community united by faith, endurance, and hope for the future.

Norman James Theatre is located in William Smith Hall. A question-and-answer session with "Estamos Aquí" director Baker will follow the screening. Admission is free and open to the public.

November 13, 2007

'The Two Worlds of Captain John Smith,' Nov. 29

Chestertown, MD — Dr. John L. Seidel will explore the ways in which environment shaped the colonization of the New World in the early 1600s and the surprising links between John Smith, Virginia, Bermuda and Shakespeare in "The Two Worlds of Captain John Smith" at Litrenta Lecture Hall on Thursday, November 29, at 5:30 p.m.

Drawing on documents, environmental clues and the latest archaeological excavations at Jamestown, the lecture will investigate the ways in which two English colonies diverged due to dramatically different environments. Jamestown, settled 400 years ago in 1607, became the first permanent English colony in North America.

Bermuda was brought to the attention of the English shortly thereafter, with a disastrous shipwreck in 1609. A remarkably similar cast of characters was involved in both colonization efforts, which had similar objectives. The ultimate fates of the two colonies were quite different, however, despite their similar aims.

Washington College has active programs in environmental research and archaeology in the Chesapeake, led by Dr. Seidel, who is the Director of the Washington College Center for Environment & Society. The College also has an active presence in Bermuda, with student trips and summer courses to the island led by Professor Donald Munson, Director of theJoseph H. McLain Program in Environmental Studies.

The event is sponsored by the Center for Environment & Society and the McLain Program in Environmental Studies. Admission is free and open to the public. Litrenta Lecture Hall is located in the John S. Toll Science Center. For more information, please contactjfairchild2@washcoll.edu or 410/778-7295.

November 13, 2007

Washington College Celebrates Children's Book Week with "Blog-Blog" Launch

Chestertown, MD — In honor of Children's Book Week, Washington College is launching "Blog-Blog: Book Lovers' Online Gallery" with a kickoff celebration in Miller Library's Beck Lab on Tuesday, November 13, from 4 to 6 p.m.

Conceived and spearheaded by Dr. Deb Marciano, Associate Professor and Coordinator of Elementary Education at Washington College, "Blog-Blog" features online children's book reviews written by Washington College faculty and students. It will serve as a valuable and ever-expanding resource for children, teachers, parents and librarians.

To learn more, visit http://books4children.blogspot.com. Light refreshments will be served at the November 13 kickoff celebration.

November 12, 2007

'Peace and Interfaith Dialogue in the Middle East,' Nov. 13

Chestertown, MD — Dr. Mohammed Abu-Nimer, Director of the Peacebuilding and Development Institute at American University, will discuss "Peace and Interfaith Dialogue in the Middle East" at Washington College's Hynson Lounge on Tuesday, November 13, at 7:30 p.m. The lecture is presented by the Goldstein Program in Public Affairs.

In addition to his directorship of the Peacebuilding and Development Institute, Dr. Abu-Nimer is associate professor at American University's School of International Service in International Peace and Conflict Resolution in Washington, D.C. He is an expert on conflict resolution and dialogue for peace, which he has researched among Palestinians and Jews in Israel. Dr. Abu-Nimer's areas of focus include the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the application of conflict resolution models in Muslim communities, interreligious conflict resolution training, interfaith dialogue and evaluation of conflict resolution programs.

Dr. Abu-Nimer has intervened and conducted conflict resolution training workshops in many conflict areas around the world, including Palestine, Israel, Egypt, Northern Ireland, the Philippines (Mindanao), Sri Lanka, within the United States and elsewhere.

He has had articles published in Journal of Peace Research, Journal of Peace and Changes, American Journal of Economics and Sociology and in various edited books. He is a co-founder and co-editor of the new Journal of Peacebuilding and Development.

The Louis L. Goldstein Program in Public Affairs was established in 1990 to encourage students to enter public service by introducing them to exemplary leaders, both in and out of government. The Goldstein Program has hosted journalists, political activists, foreign policy analysts, diplomats, military commanders and government officials of both national and international stature.

The Goldstein Program sponsors lectures, symposia, visiting fellows, student participation in models and conferences, and other projects that bring students and faculty together with leaders experienced in developing public policy.

Hynson Lounge is located in Hodson Hall. Admission to "Peace and Interfaith Dialogue in the Middle East" is free and open to the public.

November 12, 2007

100-Voice Choir Gospel Concert Set to Raise Spirits, Honor Alumnus Rev. Vincent Hynson '87, November 17

Charity Concert Raises Funds for Minority Student Scholarship Program at Washington College

Chestertown, MD — On Saturday, November 17, the 100-Voice Choir returns to raise spirits and celebrate the life and example of the late Rev. Vincent Hynson, Washington College Class of 1987 alumnus and Kent County community leader. The concert will be held at the Kent County High School Auditorium. Doors open at 4:30 p.m. Tickets are just $5 per person and are available at the door or in advance from the Compleat Bookseller or Twigs and Teacups in downtown Chestertown.

This year's concert—through the efforts of many volunteers and Sylvia and Bill Frazier of S & B Productions—will provide two hours of music, song and dance to put anyone and everyone "in the spirit." In addition to performances by the 100-Voice Choir and musical accompaniment by the Holy Horns, the concert's line-up includes a performance by soloist Sue Matthews, selections by the Gospel Shepherds, and a special guest appearance by the Still Pond Coleman Charge Mass Choir.

The Reverend Clarence A. Hawkins will serve as the evening's Master of Ceremonies. A native of Kent County, the Rev. Hawkins studied at Morgan State University, Washington College and John Hopkins University. He has worn many different hats in his lifetime, including teacher, principal, director, county commissioner and ordained minister (elder). He retired from pastoring in 1977.

Proceeds from the concert benefit the Vincent Hynson Scholarship at Washington College. The impetus of Washington College President Baird Tipson, the scholarship honors the late Rev. Vincent Hynson—beloved Kent County teacher, coach, pastor, and community leader—who passed away in 2004. The scholarship is presented to an entering freshman who is a graduate of a secondary school in Kent County, who demonstrates financial need, and whose achievements and aspirations most closely emulate the values of community service exemplified by the life of Rev. Hynson. The scholarship covers 100 percent of the cost of tuition, room and board, books, and fees for the recipient.

"Vincent Hynson was a bridge-builder whose life was dedicated to uplifting our community," said Dr. Tipson, who lends his voice to the tenor section of the choir. "His was the kind of life young people—and all people—should emulate. My hope is that this scholarship honors his life by helping local students who want to give back the chance to develop their talents and to realize their dreams through a Washington College education."

The first recipient of the scholarship, Joyell Johnson, Kent County High School Class of 2006, is now a sophomore at Washington College. A second scholarship was awarded this year to Christalyn Frison, Kent County High School Class of 2007, who entered Washington College as a freshman this fall. Applications are being accepted for students intending to enter college in fall 2008.

To be considered for the Vincent Hynson Scholarship, interested students should submit a scholarship essay and complete all admissions and financial aid application requirements no later than February 15, 2008. Essay instructions and admissions and financial aid information are available from the Washington College Office of Admissions by calling 410/778-7700.

The 100-Voice Choir Gospel Concert is sponsored by S & B Productions, Washington College and the Kent County Arts Council. For more information, contact S & B Productions at 410/778-6006 or the Washington College Office of College Relations at 410/810-7111.

November 8, 2007

Washington and Lee President Discusses 'Leadership and the Liberal Arts,' November 8

Chestertown, MD — Dr. Kenneth Ruscio, President of Washington and Lee University, will visit Washington College to present a talk titled "Leadership and the Liberal Arts" at Litrenta Lecture Hall on Thursday, November 8, at 5 p.m.

Dr. Ruscio served as national president of Omicron Delta Kappa (ODK) for two terms and is an accomplished scholar in the study of democratic theory and public policy. He was elected Washington and Lee's 26th president in March 2006.

Dr. Michael Harvey, Chair of the Business Management Department at Washington College, said, "We organized this lecture to celebrate the College's 225th anniversary, to celebrate our ODK circle's 70th anniversary, and to spread awareness at WC about the value and the joy of studying leadership from a liberal-arts perspective."

Dr. Harvey noted that leadership was very closely linked to the liberal arts at Washington College and an integral part of its mission.

"Leadership is the ultimate liberal art. It requires an understanding of history and culture, the ability to communicate orally and in writing, the ability to understand and work with many different kinds of people, and above all, imagination, empathy and ethical integrity."

He emphasized the importance of students getting involved in leadership activities and said that "college is the critical time when students have the freedom to think beyond relatively narrow career boundaries. College is when students can expand their horizons, 'play' with ideas and experiences, and grow in intense and meaningful ways."

Litrenta Lecture Hall is located in the John S. Toll Science Center. Admission to "Leadership and the Liberal Arts" is free and open to the public.

November 7, 2007

Afro-Cuban Ensemble in Concert, November 7

Chestertown, MD — The exciting drum and song traditions of a vibrant musical culture will come alive on campus when the Washington College Afro-Cuban Ensemble performs at Norman James Theatre on Wednesday, November 7, at 8 p.m.

The Afro-Cuban Ensemble was founded in 2005 by percussionist and ethnomusicologist Kenneth Schweitzer, D.M.A., of the Washington College Department of Music. Wednesday's concert will include Santeria drums and songs, rumba, popular sones and boleros (as in "The Buena Vista Social Club") and Brazilian bossa nova.

Admission to the concert is free and open to the public.

November 6, 2007

Environmental Lecture Explores 'Endocrine Disruption' Threat

Chestertown, MD — Washington College's Joseph H. McLain Program in Environmental Studies will present "Endocrine Disruption: What Is It and Should We Be Worried on the Eastern Shore?"—a lecture by Daniel J. Fisher of the Wye Research and Education Center, at Litrenta Lecture Hall on Wednesday, November 7, at 7:30 p.m.

Dr. Fisher is a Senior Research Scientist at the University of Maryland Wye Research and Education Center (WREC) and an Adjunct Associate Professor in the University's newly formed Department of Environmental Science and Technology. He earned his Ph.D. in Marine Science/Aquatic Toxicology in 1986 from the College of William and Mary's Virginia Institute of Marine Science. He currently teaches new courses at the University of Maryland in College Park concerned with Ecosystem Health and Protection and Environmental Toxicology.

Dr. Fisher has over thirty years of experience in aquatic toxicology and the study of environmental impacts of contaminants. For 16 years he directed the Maryland Department of the Environment's Bioassay Laboratory located at WREC, where he conducted acute and chronic whole effluent toxicity testing for NPDES compliance monitoring with freshwater and estuarine fish and invertebrates. In addition, he established freshwater and estuarine sediment toxicity testing capabilities at WREC that allow for sediment quality assessments.

Dr. Fisher's recent work has been in the assessment of possible endocrine disruptive effects of land applied poultry litter and the development of antibiotic resistance in Eastern Shore streams from poultry litter and biosolids application. He has written more than 100 refereed journal and technical publications on a wide variety of environmental issues.

Litrenta Lecture Hall is located in the John S. Toll Science Center. Admission to the lecture is free and open to the public.

November 6, 2007

Washington College Celebrates French Week with Variety of Offerings

Chestertown, MD — The Washington College Department of Foreign Languages, in celebration of National French Week, is sponsoring a series of Gallic-themed events.

The film "Indigènes" will be shown in Litrenta Lecture Hall on Tuesday, November 6, at 8 p.m. The movie tells the story of the North African Colonial Soldiers' involvement in World War II as part of the Free French forces that liberated France. Pamela Pears, Chair of the Foreign Languages Department, will give a brief introduction prior to the film.

On Wednesday, November 7, at 4:30 p.m., Dr. Colin Dickson, Professor Emeritus of French at Washington College, will present a lecture titled "William Smith's Design for Early America's Colleges and the Teaching of Foreign Languages in the New Nation" in the Sophie Kerr Room at Miller Library. The lecture is part of an ongoing series of talks by Dr. Dickson that explore the teaching of language in the time of Washington College's founding.

A celebration of French culture would be incomplete without a celebration of French cuisine, so the Washington College Dining Hall will be offering a "Night in Provence" dinner On Wednesday, November 7, from 5-8 p.m. The menu includes foods popular in Southern France as well as well-known French standards: crêpes, omelets and cheeses.

Both the film and lecture are free and open to the public. The dinner will be free for students on the meal plan; the cost for faculty/staff is $5.75. The cost for the general public is $7.75.

November 6, 2007

WC's Olsen Presents 'Literature Before the Book'

Chestertown, MD — What was literary culture like before the printing press, and how does it relate to the literary culture of today? Join Corey Olsen, Assistant Professor of English at Washington College, when he presents "Breaking the Silence: Literature Before the Book," at the Rose O'Neill Literary House on Tuesday, November 6, at 11:30 a.m.

Olsen will be talking about what kinds of things (punctuation, for instance) people take for granted today that did not exist in a primarily oral community. Medieval manuscript images will be presented to the audience and Olsen will discuss the transition of literary art from the spoken word to the printed page.

Olsen taught at Temple University, Columbia University and Nyack College before coming to WC in the fall of 2004. He is the treasurer for the WC Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, faculty advisor for Sigma Tau Delta and the Writer's Union, and humanities editor for the Washington College Review.

He is involved in the scholarly recording of medieval texts and is at work on an interactive web project. "The Medieval Reading Experience" will be a web site, based on the Winchester manuscript of Sir Thomas Malory, designed to introduce modern readers to reading medieval texts in their original forms.

Admission to "Breaking the Silence: Literature Before the Book" is free and open to the public.

November 4, 2007

'World's Room' Poet Weiner to Give Reading at Washington College

Chestertown, MD — Award-winning poet Joshua Weiner will read from his works in Washington College's Sophie Kerr Room on Thursday, November 15, at 4:30 p.m.

Weiner is the author of two books, The World's Room and From the Book of Giants. He has won the Whiting Award and the Rome Prize. His poems appear in The New York Review of Books, Poetry, Slate, Threepenny Review and elsewhere. The poetry editor of Tikkun, Weiner is an associate professor at the University of Maryland, College Park.

Booklist praised Weiner's first poetry collection, The World's Room, for its "immensely readable expressions of youthful joy and moral seriousness," and declared it "a very distinguished debut." Publishers Weekly lauded the combination of "narrative and lyric elements" that "range across subjects and kinds of speech" in Weiner's second collection,From the Book of Giants. "These poems aren't political in any easy way, but have politics, memory and language at their center in a manner that recalls former Poet Laureate Robert Hass's work... Weiner's formal and lyric gifts both soothe and shock in these poems."

Weiner's poetry reading is part of the 2007-2008 Sophie Kerr Lecture Series. The series honors the legacy of its namesake, a writer from Denton, Md., whose generosity has enriched Washington College's literary culture. When she died in 1965, Kerr left the bulk of her estate to Washington College, specifying that one half of the income from her bequest be awarded every year to the senior showing the most "ability and promise for future fulfillment in the field of literary endeavor"—the famed Sophie Kerr Prize—and the other half be used to bring visiting writers to campus, to fund scholarships and to help defray the costs of student publications.

Admission to Weiner's reading is free and open to the public. The Sophie Kerr Room is located in Miller Library. For more information, call 410/778-7879.

November 2, 2007

Senatorial Colloquy Continues at Washington College with Sens. Bayh, Lugar

Chestertown, MD — The Senatorial Colloquy on American History and Politics, led by former Senator Birch Bayh (D-Ind., 1963-81) and hosted by Washington College's C.V. Starr Center for the Study of the American Experience, continues with a public conversation between Senator Bayh and Senator Richard Lugar (R-IN, 1977-present) at Washington College's Hynson Lounge, Hodson Hall, on Monday, November 12, at 5 p.m.

Senator Bayh is a senior fellow of the C.V. Starr Center. Throughout a career spanning more than half a century, he won renown as a tireless and effective champion of civil rights and education, and as a highly respected authority on the U.S. Constitution. The only person since the 18th century to write more than one successful amendment to the Constitution, he has been called "a latter-day Founding Father," as well as a master of the art of congressional leadership, often across party lines.

Senator Lugar is the longest serving U.S. Senator in Indiana history, having been first elected in 1976. One of the Senate's most respected voices on foreign policy, he has recently played a pivotal role in that body's ongoing debate on the Iraq War. Senator Lugar is the Ranking Member of the Foreign Relations Committee, which he has also chaired, along with the Agriculture Committee. He was a candidate for the Republican nomination for President in 1996.

Founded in 1782 under the personal patronage of George Washington, Washington College has hosted numerous national leaders throughout its long history—beginning with the institution's namesake himself, who attended the 1784 Commencement.

Later visitors included Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and George H.W. Bush. The College's alumni have included several members of the U.S. Senate.

The 2007 Senatorial Colloquy is part of Washington College's celebration of its 225th anniversary year, and it draws inspiration from the institution's founders, who believed that the future of American democracy depended on education, civil discourse, and an informed understanding of history.

Admission to the Colloquy sessions is free and open to the public; admission will be on a first-come, first-served basis. For more information on attending, please call the C.V. Starr Center at

410-810-7161. For more background on the Senatorial Colloquy and the participating Senators, please visit the Center's website at http://starrcenter.washcoll.edu.

November 2, 2007